Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Infectious Disease ClinicsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, et al. Gram-Positive Cocci Part II: Streptococci, Enterococci, and the “Streptococcus-Like” Bacteria. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Seventh ed: Wolters Kluwer.
- What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002; 15: 613-630
- A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.J Exp Med. 1933; 57: 571-595
- The use of blood agar for the study of streptococci.The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y.1919
- The Naming of Strep, with Apologies to T. S. Eliot.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009; 49: 1959-1960
- Streptococcus agalactiae.in: Bennet John E. Dolin Raphael Blaser M.J. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principle and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2020
- Population-Based Study of Invasive Disease Due to β-Hemolytic Streptococci of Groups Other than A and B.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009; 48: 706-712
- Effectiveness of adjunctive clindamycin in β-lactam antibiotic-treated patients with invasive β-haemolytic streptococcal infections in US hospitals: a retrospective multicentre cohort study.The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2020;
- Streptococcus anginosus ("Streptococcus milleri"): the unrecognized pathogen.Clin Microbiol Rev. 1988; 1: 102-108
- Classification of Streptocci.in: Mandell D. Bennetts Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier, 2020
- Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014; 27: 264-301
- Streptococcus pyogenes.in: Bennet J.E. Dolin R. Blaser M.J. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principle and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2020
- Surface proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae and related proteins in other bacterial pathogens.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18: 102-127
- Identification of two genes, cpsX and cpsY, with putative regulatory function on capsule expression in group B streptococci.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1998; 21: 159-168
- Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2009; 49: 766-772
- Virulence Profiling of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Isolated from Infected Humans Reveals 2 Distinct Genetic Lineages That Do Not Segregate with Their Phenotypes or Propensity to Cause Diseases.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007; 44: 1442-1454
- Characterization of group C and G streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.Journal of clinical microbiology. 2004; 42: 186-192
- Clonal Clusters and Virulence Factors of Group C and G Streptococcus Causing Severe Infections, Manitoba, Canada, 2012-2014.Emerging infectious diseases. 2017; 23: 1079-1088
- Invasive group A, B, C and G streptococcal infections in Denmark 1999–2002: epidemiological and clinical aspects.Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2005; 11: 569-576
- Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7
- Invasive streptococcal disease: a review for clinicians.Br Med Bull. 2015; 115: 77-89
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Disease. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/surveillance.html (accessed Feb 7th 2022).
- Necrotizing soft tissue infections: delayed surgical treatment is associated with increased number of surgical debridements and morbidity.J Trauma. 2011; 71: 1400-1405
- Clinical presentations and epidemiology of beta-haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia: a population-based study.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009; 15: 286-288
- Severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections, United Kingdom, 2003-2004.Emerging infectious diseases. 2008; 14: 202-209
- Invasive group A streptococcus infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992; 14: 2-11
- Invasive group a streptococcal disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management.Drugs. 2012; 72: 1213-1227
- Invasive bacterial infections in relation to influenza outbreaks, 2006-2010.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2011; 53: 1199-1207
- Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes.The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009; 9: 281-290
- Nosocomial transmission of necrotising fasciitis.Lancet (London, England). 2010; 375: 1052
- Global Assessment of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infection Risk in Household Contacts.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2014; 60: 166-167
- Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2014; 59: 358-365
- Evaluating Household Transmission of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Disease in the United States Using Population-based Surveillance Data.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020; 70 (2013-2016): 1478-1481
- Prevention of invasive group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case patients and among postpartum and postsurgical patients: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002; 35: 950-959
- Risk for severe group A streptococcal disease among patients' household contacts.Emerging infectious diseases. 2003; 9: 443-447
- Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates to investigate an outbreak of puerperal sepsis.Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2005; 26: 455-461
- Molecular analysis of an outbreak of lethal postpartum sepsis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.Journal of clinical microbiology. 2013; 51: 2089-2095
- Hospital-Acquired Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in Ontario, Canada, 1992–2000.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005; 41: 334-342
- Streptococcus pyogenes pbp2x Mutation Confers Reduced Susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group B Strep (GBS) 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/clinicians/index.html (accessed Feb 7th 2022).
- Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Infections Among Nonpregnant Adults in the United States, 2008-2016.JAMA Intern Med. 2019; 179: 479-488
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ABCs Bact Facts interactive data dashboard: group B Streptococcus (2019). 2021. https://www-cdc-gov/abcs/bact-facts-interactive-dashboard.html (accessed April 6th 2022).
- Risk Factors and Mortality Rates Associated With Invasive Group B Streptococcus Infections Among Patients in the US Veterans Health Administration.JAMA Netw Open. 2019; 2e1918324
- Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in adults.Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123: 415-420
- Bacteraemia caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci in North Queensland: changing trends over a 14-year period.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17: 1216-1222
- Group G streptococcal bacteremia in Jerusalem.Emerging infectious diseases. 2004; 10: 1455-1460
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia: an emerging infection.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2014; 33: 1303-1310
- Viridans Streptococci, Nutrionally Variant Streptococci, and Group C and G Streptococci.in: Bennet J.E. Dolin R. Blaser M.J. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principle and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2020
- Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMWR Recomm Rep. 1997; 46: 1-55
- Epidemiology of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in the United States, 2005-2012.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2016; 63: 478-486
- Severe Group A Streptococcal Infections Associated with a Toxic Shock-like Syndrome and Scarlet Fever Toxin A.New England Journal of Medicine. 1989; 321: 1-7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/Streptococcal-Toxic-Shock-Syndrome.html (accessed April 6th 2022)
- Secular trends in incidence of invasive beta-hemolytic streptococci and efficacy of adjunctive therapy in Quebec, Canada, 1996-2016.PloS one. 2018; 13: e0206289-e
- Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2014; 59: 851-857
- Executive Summary: Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2014; 59: 147-159
- Necrotizing fasciitis.Am Surg. 1952; 18: 416-431
- Getting under the skin: the immunopathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes deep tissue infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2010; 51: 58-65
- Evaluation and Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 31: 497-511
- Red Flags for Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Control Study.Int J Infect Dis. 2015; 36: 15-20
- Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: Clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of seventy-seven cases. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study.Am J Med. 1997; 103: 18-24
- Necrotizing fasciitis: 10 years' experience in a district general hospital.Br J Surg. 1991; 78: 488-489
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Surveillance Report. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/downloads/GAS_Surveillance_Report_2019.pdf (accessed Feb 7th 2022).
- Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment.Emerging infectious diseases. 1995; 1: 69-78
- Defining the Group A Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: Rationale and Consensus Definition.Jama. 1993; 269: 390-391
- Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010; 59: 1-36
- Invasive group A, C and G streptococcal disease in western Norway: virulence gene profiles, clinical features and outcomes.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17: 358-364
- Group G beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Journal of clinical microbiology. 2001; 39: 3147-3155
- Identification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; refining the database for improved identification.Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2021; 99: 115207
- Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory.Journal of clinical microbiology. 2017; 55: 2590-2598
- Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections.N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 2253-2265
- The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections.Critical care medicine. 2004; 32: 1535-1541
- Association between cytokine response, the LRINEC score and outcome in patients with necrotising soft tissue infection: a multicentre, prospective study.Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 42179
- 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections.World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2018; 13: 58
- Syndromic Panel-Based Testing in Clinical Microbiology.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017; 31 (e00024–17)
- Multiplexed Molecular Diagnostics for Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, and Central Nervous System Infections.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2016; 63: 1361-1367
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016.Intensive care medicine. 2017; 43: 304-377
- Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for bloodstream infections based on discordant in-vitro susceptibilities: a retrospective cohort analysis of prevalence, predictors, and mortality risk in US hospitals.The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2021; 21: 241-251
- Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.Critical care medicine. 2006; 34: 1589-1596
- Time is of the essence when treating necrotizing soft tissue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2020; 15: 4
- International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units.Jama. 2009; 302: 2323-2329
- Epidemiology of severe sepsis.Virulence. 2014; 5: 4-11
- Emerging erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group A streptococci: Efficacy of linezolid and tedizolid in experimental necrotizing infection.J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020; 22: 601-607
- Emerging Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance in β-Hemolytic Streptococci.Front Microbiol. 2020; 11: 797
- Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience.J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2016; 9: 22-27
V K, Hiremath BV, V A I. Necrotising soft tissue infection-risk factors for mortality. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7(8): 1662-1665.
- Influence of surgical treatment timing on mortality from necrotizing soft tissue infections requiring intensive care management.Intensive care medicine. 2009; 35: 847-853
- Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes.Curr Probl Surg. 2014; 51: 344-362
- Timing of Redébridement after Initial Source Control Impacts Survival in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection.The American Surgeon. 2013; 79: 1081-1085
- Clindamycin Affects Group A Streptococcus Virulence Factors and Improves Clinical Outcome.The Journal of infectious diseases. 2017; 215: 269-277
- Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice.Am J Med. 1952; 13: 389-399
- The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis.The Journal of infectious diseases. 1988; 158: 23-28
- Improved outcome of clindamycin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 1999; 18: 1096-1100
- Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Florida.Southern medical journal. 2003; 96: 968-973
- Association between adjunct clindamycin and in-hospital mortality in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection due to group A Streptococcus: a nationwide cohort study.European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2022; 41: 263-270
- Risk Factors and Predictors of Mortality in Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft-tissue Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2021; 72: 293-300
- In-hospital mortality among patients with invasive non-group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus treated with clindamycin combination therapy: a nationwide cohort study.Acute medicine & surgery. 2021; 8: e634-e
- Prevalence and mechanisms of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of β-haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield groups A, B, C and G in Seville, Spain.Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2008; 14: 85-87
- Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates harboring small erm(T)-carrying plasmids.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2014; 58: 6928-6930
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus spp.Microbiol Spectr. 2018; 6
- Patterns of Antibiotic Nonsusceptibility Among Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infections—United States, 2006–2017.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021; 73: 1957-1964
- Beta-hemolytic group a streptococcal orthopaedic infections: Our institutional experience and review of the literature.J Orthop. 2020; 21: 150-154
- Influences of linezolid, penicillin, and clindamycin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin a release.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2003; 47: 1752-1755
- Successful Treatment of Necrotizing Fasciitis and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome with the Addition of Linezolid.Case Rep Infect Dis. 2017; 20175720708
- Penicillin-binding proteins 2b and 2x of Streptococcus pneumoniae are primary resistance determinants for different classes of beta-lactam antibiotics.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1996; 40: 829-834
- Reduced In Vitro Susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes to β-Lactam Antibiotics Associated with Mutations in the pbp2x Gene Is Geographically Widespread.Journal of clinical microbiology. 2020; 58
- Description and characterization of a penicillin-resistant Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis clone isolated from blood in three epidemiologically linked patients.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2016; 71: 3376-3380
- Short-read whole genome sequencing for determination of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and capsular serotypes of current invasive Streptococcus agalactiae recovered in the USA.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017; 23 (e7-.e14): 574
- Prevalence and molecular mechanism of macrolide resistance in beta-haemolytic streptococci in The Netherlands.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010; 35: 590-592
- Beta-Haemolytic Group A, C and G Streptococcal Infections in Southern Hungary: A 10-Year Population-Based Retrospective Survey (2008-2017) and a Review of the Literature.Infect Drug Resist. 2020; 13: 4739-4749
- Human intravenous immunoglobulin for experimental streptococcal toxic shock: bacterial clearance and modulation of inflammation.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2006; 58: 117-124
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin Adjunctive Therapy in Sepsis, with Special Emphasis on Severe Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections.Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35: 683-689
- Morbidity and mortality of patients with invasive group A streptococcal infections admitted to the ICU.Chest. 2006; 130: 1679-1686
- Polyspecific Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clindamycin-treated Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018; 67: 1434-1436
- Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome--a comparative observational study. The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999; 28: 800-807
- Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003; 37: 333-340
- Impact of Intravenous Immunoglobulin on Survival in Necrotizing Fasciitis With Vasopressor-Dependent Shock: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis From 130 US Hospitals.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2017; 64: 877-885
- Immunoglobulin G for patients with necrotising soft tissue infection (INSTINCT): a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial.Intensive care medicine. 2017; 43: 1585-1593
- Hyperbaric oxygen as adjuvant therapy in the management of necrotizing fasciitis.Am J Surg. 2005; 189: 462-466
- A Novel Drug for Treatment of Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA Surgery. 2014; 149: 528-536
- Binding of superantigen toxins into the CD28 homodimer interface is essential for induction of cytokine genes that mediate lethal shock.PLoS Biol. 2011; 9e1001149
- A peptide antagonist of CD28 signaling attenuates toxic shock and necrotizing soft-tissue infection induced by Streptococcus pyogenes.The Journal of infectious diseases. 2013; 207: 1869-1877
- Validation of a clinical trial composite endpoint for patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections.J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017; 83: 622-627
- A Novel Immune Modulator for Patients With Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (NSTI): Results of a Multicenter, Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial of Reltecimod (AB 103).Ann Surg. 2020; 272: 469-478
- Commentary on "Results of a Multicenter, Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial of Reltecimod.Ann Surg. 2020; 272: 479-480
- Interim UK guidelines for management of close community contacts of invasive group A streptococcal disease.Commun Dis Public Health. 2004; 7: 354-361
- Invasive group A streptococcal disease: Management and chemoprophylaxis.Paediatr Child Health. 2010; 15: 295-302
- WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal peripartum infections.2015 (Geneva, Switzerland)
- Transplacental passage of vancomycin from mother to neonate.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 210 (e1-.e4): 352
- Update on group A streptococcal vaccine development.Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2020; 33: 244-250
- Atlas of group A streptococcal vaccine candidates compiled using large-scale comparative genomics.Nat Genet. 2019; 51: 1035-1043
- The Path to Group A Streptococcus Vaccines: World Health Organization Research and Development Technology Roadmap and Preferred Product Characteristics.Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019; 69: 877-883
- Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a group A streptococcus vaccine candidate (MJ8VAX) in a randomized clinical trial.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0198658
- Safety and immunogenicity of a 30-valent M protein-based group a streptococcal vaccine in healthy adult volunteers: A randomized, controlled phase I study.Vaccine. 2020; 38: 1384-1392
- A double-blind, randomized phase II trial of the safety and immunogenicity of 26-valent group A streptococcus vaccine in healthy adults.International Congress Series. 2006; 1289: 303-306
- WHO consultation on group B Streptococcus vaccine development: Report from a meeting held on 27-28 April 2016.Vaccine. 2019; 37: 7307-7314
- A Vaccine Against Group B Streptococcus: Recent Advances.Infect Drug Resist. 2020; 13: 1263-1272
- A Novel Hexavalent Capsular Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (GBS6) for the Prevention of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infections by Maternal Immunization.The Journal of infectious diseases. 2019; 220: 105-115
- Safety and immunogenicity of a prototype recombinant alpha-like protein subunit vaccine (GBS-NN) against Group B Streptococcus in a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind phase 1 trial in healthy adult women.Vaccine. 2021; 39: 4489-4499
- The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases.The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2005; 5: 685-694
- mSphere of Influence: Whole-Genome Sequencing, a Vital Tool for the Interruption of Nosocomial Transmission.mSphere. 2021; 6 (e00230–21)
- Clindamycin adjunctive therapy for severe Staphylococcus aureus treatment evaluation (CASSETTE)-an open-labelled pilot randomized controlled trial.JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022; 4: dlac014
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
