Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 37, ISSUE 1, P175-194, March 2023

Acute and Chronic Infectious Prostatitis in Older Adults

  • Tyler J. Brehm
    Affiliations
    Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Barbara W. Trautner
    Affiliations
    Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA

    Department of Medicine, Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Prathit A. Kulkarni
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author. Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, MCL-111, Houston, TX 77030.
    Affiliations
    Medical Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA

    Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
    Search for articles by this author

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Infectious Disease Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Krieger J.N.
        • Lee S.W.H.
        • Jeon J.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology of prostatitis.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008; 31: S85-S90
        • Daniels N.A.
        • Ewing S.K.
        • Zmuda J.M.
        • et al.
        Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group. Correlates and prevalence of prostatitis in a large community-based cohort of older men.
        Urology. 2005; 66: 964-970
        • Krieger J.N.
        • Nyberg L.
        • Nickel J.C.
        NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis.
        JAMA. 1999; 282: 236-237
        • Dellinger R.P.
        • Levy M.M.
        • Rhodes A.
        • et al.
        Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012.
        Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39: 165-228
        • Rhodes A.
        • Evans L.E.
        • Alhazzani W.
        • et al.
        Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016.
        Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43: 304-377
        • Detweiler K.
        • Mayers D.
        • Fletcher S.G.
        Bacteruria and Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly.
        Urol Clin North Am. 2015; 42: 561-568
        • Esposito S.
        • Leone S.
        • Noviello S.
        • et al.
        Antibiotic resistance in long-term care facilities.
        New Microbiol. 2007; 30: 326-331
        • Nelson R.E.
        • Hyun D.
        • Jezek A.
        • et al.
        Mortality, Length of Stay, and Healthcare Costs Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections Among Elderly Hospitalized Patients in the United States.
        Clin Infect Dis Soc Am. 2022; 74: 1070-1080
        • Wilson P.W.
        • Anderson K.M.
        • Kannel W.B.
        Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. The Framingham Study.
        Am J Med. 1986; 80: 3-9
        • Egan K.B.
        The Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Prevalence and Incident Rates.
        Urol Clin North Am. 2016; 43: 289-297
        • Bell K.J.L.
        • Del Mar C.
        • Wright G.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies.
        Int J Cancer. 2015; 137: 1749-1757
        • Etienne M.
        • Chavanet P.
        • Sibert L.
        • et al.
        Acute bacterial prostatitis: heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and management. Retrospective multicentric analysis of 371 patients diagnosed with acute prostatitis.
        BMC Infect Dis. 2008; 8: 12
        • Wyndaele J.J.
        Complications of intermittent catheterization: their prevention and treatment.
        Spinal Cord. 2002; 40: 536-541
        • Mosharafa A.A.
        • Torky M.H.
        • El Said W.M.
        • et al.
        Rising incidence of acute prostatitis following prostate biopsy: fluoroquinolone resistance and exposure is a significant risk factor.
        Urology. 2011; 78: 511-514
        • Ozden E.
        • Bostanci Y.
        • Yakupoglu K.Y.
        • et al.
        Incidence of acute prostatitis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli after transrectal prostate biopsy.
        Urology. 2009; 74: 119-123
        • Breyer B.N.
        • Van den Eeden S.K.
        • Horberg M.A.
        • et al.
        HIV status is an independent risk factor for reporting lower urinary tract symptoms.
        J Urol. 2011; 185: 1710-1715
        • Lee L.K.
        • Dinneen M.D.
        • Ahmad S.
        The urologist and the patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus or with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
        BJU Int. 2001; 88: 500-510
        • Grabe M.
        • Forsgren A.
        • Hellsten S.
        The effect of a short antibiotic course in transurethral prostatic resection.
        Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1984; 18: 37-42
        • Grabe M.
        • Forsgren A.
        • Hellsten S.
        The effectiveness of a short perioperative course with pivampicillin/pivmecillinam in transurethral prostatic resection: clinical results.
        Scand J Infect Dis. 1986; 18: 567-573
        • Grabe M.
        Antimicrobial agents in transurethral prostatic resection.
        J Urol. 1987; 138: 245-252
        • Coker T.J.
        • Dierfeldt D.M.
        Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Diagnosis and Management.
        Am Fam Physician. 2016; 93: 114-120
        • Matsumoto M.
        • Yamamoto S.
        AAUS guideline for acute bacterial prostatitis 2021.
        J Infect Chemother. 2021; 27: 1277-1283
        • Etienne M.
        • Pestel-Caron M.
        • Chapuzet C.
        • et al.
        Should blood cultures be performed for patients with acute prostatitis?.
        J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 1935-1938
        • Gamé X.
        • Vincendeau S.
        • Palascak R.
        • et al.
        Total and free serum prostate specific antigen levels during the first month of acute prostatitis.
        Eur Urol. 2003; 43: 702-705
        • Pansadoro V.
        • Emiliozzi P.
        • Defidio L.
        • et al.
        Prostate-specific antigen and prostatitis in men under fifty.
        Eur Urol. 1996; 30: 24-27
        • Ulleryd P.
        • Zackrisson B.
        • Aus G.
        • et al.
        Prostatic involvement in men with febrile urinary tract infection as measured by serum prostate-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasonography.
        BJU Int. 1999; 84: 470-474
        • Horcajada J.P.
        • Vilana R.
        • Moreno-Martínez A.
        • et al.
        Transrectal prostatic ultrasonography in acute bacterial prostatitis: findings and clinical implications.
        Scand J Infect Dis. 2003; 35: 114-120
        • Bhagat S.K.
        • Kekre N.S.
        • Gopalakrishnan G.
        • et al.
        Changing profile of prostatic abscess.
        J Braz Soc Urol. 2008; 34: 164-170
        • Vyas J.B.
        • Ganpule S.A.
        • Ganpule A.P.
        • et al.
        Transrectal ultrasound-guided aspiration in the management of prostatic abscess: A single-center experience.
        Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013; 23: 253-257
        • Fabiani A.
        • Filosa A.
        • Maurelli V.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of transrectal ultrasound in urological office prostatic abscess management: a short report from a single urologic center.
        Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol. 2014; 86: 344-348
        • Reddivari A.K.R.
        • Mehta P.
        Prostatic Abscess.
        in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, 2022 (Available at:) (Accessed August 9, 2022)
        • Mateos J.J.
        • Velasco M.
        • Lomena F.
        • et al.
        111Indium labelled leukocyte scintigraphy in the detection of acute prostatitis.
        Nucl Med Commun. 2002; 23: 1137-1142
        • Kim S.H.
        • Ha U.S.
        • Yoon B.I.
        • et al.
        Microbiological and clinical characteristics in acute bacterial prostatitis according to lower urinary tract manipulation procedure.
        J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. 2014; 20: 38-42
        • Ramakrishnan K.
        • Salinas R.C.
        Prostatitis: acute and chronic.
        Prim Care. 2010; 37 (viii-ix): 547-563
        • Millán-Rodríguez F.
        • Palou J.
        • Bujons-Tur A.
        • et al.
        Acute bacterial prostatitis: two different sub-categories according to a previous manipulation of the lower urinary tract.
        World J Urol. 2006; 24: 45-50
        • Nagy V.
        • Kubej D.
        Acute bacterial prostatitis in humans: current microbiological spectrum, sensitivity to antibiotics and clinical findings.
        Urol Int. 2012; 89: 445-450
        • Chuang A.Y.
        • Tsou M.H.
        • Chang S.J.
        • et al.
        Mycobacterium abscessus granulomatous prostatitis.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2012; 36: 418-422
        • Tamsel S.
        • Killi R.
        • Ertan Y.
        • et al.
        A rare case of granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
        J Clin Ultrasound JCU. 2007; 35: 58-61
        • Epstein D.J.
        • Thompson L.D.R.
        • Saleem A.
        • et al.
        Fungal prostatitis due to endemic mycoses and Cryptococcus: A multicenter case series.
        Prostate. 2020; 80: 1006-1011
        • Larsen R.A.
        • Bozzette S.
        • McCutchan J.A.
        • et al.
        Persistent Cryptococcus neoformans infection of the prostate after successful treatment of meningitis. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
        Ann Intern Med. 1989; 111: 125-128
        • Naber K.G.
        • Sörgel F.
        Antibiotic therapy--rationale and evidence for optimal drug concentrations in prostatic and seminal fluid and in prostatic tissue.
        Andrologia. 2003; 35: 331-335
        • Takasaki N.
        • Ra S.
        • Okada S.
        • et al.
        [Transference of antibiotics into prostatic tissues: sampling method by transurethral resection for the measurement of the concentration of antibiotics in prostatic tissue].
        Hinyokika Kiyo. 1986; 32: 969-975
        • Kwan A.C.F.
        • Beahm N.P.
        Fosfomycin for bacterial prostatitis: a review.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020; 56: 106106
        • Charalabopoulos K.
        • Karachalios G.
        • Baltogiannis D.
        • et al.
        Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents into the Prostate.
        Chemotherapy. 2003; 49: 269-279
        • Wagenlehner F.M.E.
        • Weidner W.
        • Naber K.G.
        Therapy for prostatitis, with emphasis on bacterial prostatitis.
        Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007; 8: 1667-1674
        • Lipsky B.A.
        • Byren I.
        • Hoey C.T.
        Treatment of bacterial prostatitis.
        Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2010; 50: 1641-1652
        • Ludwig M.
        • Schroeder-Printzen I.
        • Schiefer H.G.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and therapeutic management of 18 patients with prostatic abscess.
        Urology. 1999; 53: 340-345
        • Chou Y.H.
        • Tiu C.M.
        • Liu J.Y.
        • et al.
        Prostatic abscess: transrectal color Doppler ultrasonic diagnosis and minimally invasive therapeutic management.
        Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004; 30: 719-724
        • Yoon B.I.
        • Han D.S.
        • Ha U.S.
        • et al.
        Clinical courses following acute bacterial prostatitis.
        Prostate Int. 2013; 1: 89-93
        • Ha U.S.
        • Kim M.E.
        • Kim C.S.
        • et al.
        Acute bacterial prostatitis in Korea: clinical outcome, including symptoms, management, microbiology and course of disease.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008; 31: S96-S101
        • Eliakim-Raz N.
        • Babitch T.
        • Shaw E.
        • et al.
        Risk Factors for Treatment Failure and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Complicated Urinary Tract Infection: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study (RESCUING Study Group).
        Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2019; 68: 29-36
        • Smithson A.
        • Ramos J.
        • Niño E.
        • et al.
        Characteristics of febrile urinary tract infections in older male adults.
        BMC Geriatr. 2019; 19: 334
        • Ulleryd P.
        • Zackrisson B.
        • Aus G.
        • et al.
        Selective urological evaluation in men with febrile urinary tract infection.
        BJU Int. 2001; 88: 15-20
        • Weidner W.
        • Ludwig M.
        Diagnostic Management in Chronic Prostatitis.
        in: Weidner W. Madsen P.O. Schiefer H.G. Prostatitis: etiopathology, diagnosis and therapy. Springer, 1994: 49-65
        • Yoon B.I.
        • Kim S.
        • Han D.S.
        • et al.
        Acute bacterial prostatitis: how to prevent and manage chronic infection?.
        J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. 2012; 18: 444-450
        • Zhao W.P.
        • Li Y.T.
        • Chen J.
        • et al.
        Prostatic calculi influence the antimicrobial efficacy in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Asian J Androl. 2012; 14: 715-719
        • Meares E.M.
        • Stamey T.A.
        Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis.
        Invest Urol. 1968; 5: 492-518
        • McNaughton Collins M.
        • Fowler F.J.
        • Elliott D.B.
        • et al.
        Diagnosing and treating chronic prostatitis: do urologists use the four-glass test?.
        Urology. 2000; 55: 403-407
        • Nickel J.C.
        • Shoskes D.
        • Wang Y.
        • et al.
        How does the pre-massage and post-massage two-glass test compare to the Meares-Stamey four-glass test in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome?.
        J Urol. 2006; 176: 119-124
        • Orland S.M.
        • Hanno P.M.
        • Wein A.J.
        Prostatitis, prostatosis, and prostatodynia.
        Urology. 1985; 25: 439-459
        • Jameson R.M.
        Sexual activity and the variations of the white cell content of the prostatic secretion.
        Invest Urol. 1967; 5: 297-302
        • Budía A.
        • Luis Palmero J.
        • Broseta E.
        • et al.
        Value of semen culture in the diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a simplified method.
        Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006; 40: 326-331
        • Magri V.
        • Wagenlehner F.M.E.
        • Montanari E.
        • et al.
        Semen analysis in chronic bacterial prostatitis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
        Asian J Androl. 2009; 11: 461-477
        • Heras-Cañas V.
        • Gutiérrez-Soto B.
        • Serrano-García M.L.
        • et al.
        [Chronic bacterial prostatitis. Clinical and microbiological study of 332 cases].
        Med Clin (Barc). 2016; 147: 144-147
        • Schaeffer A.J.
        • Wu S.C.
        • Tennenberg A.M.
        • et al.
        Treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin lowers serum prostate specific antigen.
        J Urol. 2005; 174: 161-164
        • Mutlu N.
        • Mutlu B.
        • Culha M.
        • et al.
        The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with non-bacterial prostatitis.
        Int J Clin Pract. 1998; 52: 540-541
        • Ostaszewska I.
        • Zdrodowska-Stefanow B.
        • Badyda J.
        • et al.
        Chlamydia trachomatis: probable cause of prostatitis.
        Int J STD AIDS. 1998; 9: 350-353
        • Gümüş B.
        • Sengil A.Z.
        • Solak M.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of non-invasive clinical samples in chronic chlamydial prostatitis by using in situ hybridization.
        Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997; 31: 449-451
        • Strohmaier W.L.
        • Bichler K.H.
        Comparison of symptoms, morphological, microbiological and urodynamic findings in patients with chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Is it possible to differentiate separate categories?.
        Urol Int. 2000; 65: 112-116
        • Yu J.
        • Fulcher A.S.
        • Turner M.A.
        • et al.
        Prostate cancer and its mimics at multiparametric prostate MRI.
        Br J Radiol. 2014; 87: 20130659
        • Giannarini G.
        • Mogorovich A.
        • Valent F.
        • et al.
        Prulifloxacin versus levofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
        J Chemother Florence Italy. 2007; 19: 304-308
        • Bundrick W.
        • Heron S.P.
        • Ray P.
        • et al.
        Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study.
        Urology. 2003; 62: 537-541
        • Naber K.G.
        • European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group
        Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002; 20: 18-27
        • Perletti G.
        • Marras E.
        • Wagenlehner F.M.E.
        • et al.
        Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 8: CD009071
        • Paglia M.
        • Peterson J.
        • Fisher A.C.
        • et al.
        Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin 750 mg for 2 weeks or 3 weeks compared with levofloxacin 500 mg for 4 weeks in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Curr Med Res Opin. 2010; 26: 1433-1441
        • McGuire E.J.
        • Lytton B.
        Bacterial prostatitis: treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
        Urology. 1976; 7: 499-500
        • Meares E.M.
        Long-term therapy of chronic bacterial prostatitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
        Can Med Assoc J. 1975; 112: 22-25
        • Meares E.M.
        Serum antibody titers in treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for chronic prostatitis.
        Urology. 1978; 11: 142-146
        • Paulson D.F.
        • White R.D.
        Trimethoprium-sulfamethoxazole and minocycline- hydrochloride in the treatment of culture-proved bacterial prostatitis.
        J Urol. 1978; 120: 184-185
        • Kurzer E.
        • Kaplan S.
        Cost effectiveness model comparing trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Eur Urol. 2002; 42: 163-166
        • Paulson D.F.
        • Zinner N.R.
        • Resnick M.I.
        • et al.
        Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Comparison of cephalexin and minocycline.
        Urology. 1986; 27: 379-387
        • Skerk V.
        • Schönwald S.
        • Krhen I.
        • et al.
        Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003; 21: 457-462
        • Grayson M.L.
        • Macesic N.
        • Trevillyan J.
        • et al.
        Fosfomycin for Treatment of Prostatitis: New Tricks for Old Dogs.
        Clin Infect Dis Soc Am. 2015; 61: 1141-1143
        • Karaiskos I.
        • Galani L.
        • Sakka V.
        • et al.
        Oral fosfomycin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019; 74: 1430-1437
        • Los-Arcos I.
        • Pigrau C.
        • Rodríguez-Pardo D.
        • et al.
        Long-Term Fosfomycin-Tromethamine Oral Therapy for Difficult-To-Treat Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis.
        Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015; 60: 1854-1858
        • Hu W.L.
        • Zhong S.Z.
        • He H.X.
        Treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis with amikacin through anal submucosal injection.
        Asian J Androl. 2002; 4: 163-167
        • Rees J.
        • Abrahams M.
        • Doble A.
        • et al.
        Prostatitis Expert Reference Group (PERG). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a consensus guideline.
        BJU Int. 2015; 116: 509-525
        • Weidner W.
        • Ludwig M.
        • Brähler E.
        • et al.
        Outcome of antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin in chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Drugs. 1999; 58: 103-106
        • Barbalias G.A.
        • Nikiforidis G.
        • Liatsikos E.N.
        Alpha-blockers for the treatment of chronic prostatitis in combination with antibiotics.
        J Urol. 1998; 159: 883-887
        • Schoeb D.S.
        • Schlager D.
        • Boeker M.
        • et al.
        Surgical therapy of prostatitis: a systematic review.
        World J Urol. 2017; 35: 1659-1668
        • Naber K.G.
        • Roscher K.
        • Botto H.
        • et al.
        Oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
        Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008; 32: 145-153