Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 37, ISSUE 1, P103-121, March 2023

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Older Adults

  • Author Footnotes
    1 Maha Al-Jabri and Christian Rosero contributed equally to the manuscript.
    Maha Al-Jabri
    Footnotes
    1 Maha Al-Jabri and Christian Rosero contributed equally to the manuscript.
    Affiliations
    Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue – Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Author Footnotes
    1 Maha Al-Jabri and Christian Rosero contributed equally to the manuscript.
    Christian Rosero
    Footnotes
    1 Maha Al-Jabri and Christian Rosero contributed equally to the manuscript.
    Affiliations
    Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue – Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Elie A. Saade
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author.
    Affiliations
    Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue – Mailstop Fol. 5083, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Author Footnotes
    1 Maha Al-Jabri and Christian Rosero contributed equally to the manuscript.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Infectious Disease Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Gavazzi G.
        • Krause K.H.
        Ageing and infection.
        Lancet Infect Dis. 2002; 2: 659-666
        • Agrawal A.
        • Weinberger B.
        Editorial: the impact of immunosenescence and senescence of immune cells on responses to infection and vaccination.
        Front Aging. 2022; 3: 882494
        • Gustafson C.E.
        • Kim C.
        • Weyand C.M.
        • et al.
        Influence of immune aging on vaccine responses.
        J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020; 145: 1309-1321
        • Allen J.C.
        • Toapanta F.R.
        • Chen W.
        • et al.
        Understanding immunosenescence and its impact on vaccination of older adults.
        Vaccine. 2020; 38: 8264-8272
        • Shapiro E.D.
        • Berg A.T.
        • Austrian R.
        • et al.
        The Protective Efficacy of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine.
        N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1453-1460
        • Panda A.
        • Qian F.
        • Mohanty S.
        • et al.
        Age-Associated Decrease in TLR Function in Primary Human Dendritic Cells Predicts Influenza Vaccine Response.
        J Immunol. 2010; 184: 2518-2527
        • Crooke S.N.
        • Ovsyannikova I.G.
        • Poland G.A.
        • et al.
        Immunosenescence: A systems-level overview of immune cell biology and strategies for improving vaccine responses.
        Exp Gerontol. 2019; 124: 110632
        • Haynes B.F.
        • Sempowski G.D.
        • Wells A.F.
        • et al.
        The human thymus during aging.
        Immunol Res. 2000; 22: 253-261
        • Sasaki S.
        • Sullivan M.
        • Narvaez C.F.
        • et al.
        Limited efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in elderly individuals is associated with decreased production of vaccine-specific antibodies.
        J Clin Invest. 2011; 121: 3109-3119
        • Kolibab K.
        • Smithson S.L.
        • Shriner A.K.
        • et al.
        Immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharides 4 and 14 in elderly and young adults. I. Antibody concentrations, avidity and functional activity.
        Immun Ageing A. 2005; 2: 10
        • Listì F.
        • Candore G.
        • Modica M.A.
        • et al.
        A study of serum immunoglobulin levels in elderly persons that provides new insights into B cell immunosenescence.
        Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1089: 487-495
        • Frasca D.
        • Diaz A.
        • Romero M.
        • et al.
        B Cell Immunosenescence.
        Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2020; 36: 551-574
        • Thompson H.L.
        • Smithey M.J.
        • Surh C.D.
        • et al.
        Functional and Homeostatic Impact of Age-Related Changes in Lymph Node Stroma.
        Front Immunol. 2017; 8: 706
        • Kityo C.
        • Makamdop K.N.
        • Rothenberger M.
        • et al.
        Lymphoid tissue fibrosis is associated with impaired vaccine responses.
        J Clin Invest. 2018; 128: 2763-2773
        • Shaw A.C.
        • Joshi S.
        • Greenwood H.
        • et al.
        Aging of the innate immune system.
        Curr Opin Immunol. 2010; 22: 507-513
        • Santoro A.
        • Bientinesi E.
        • Monti D.
        Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aging process: age-related diseases or longevity?.
        Ageing Res Rev. 2021; 71: 101422
        • Pereira B.
        • Xu X.N.
        • Akbar A.N.
        Targeting Inflammation and Immunosenescence to Improve Vaccine Responses in the Elderly.
        Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 583019
        • Mannick J.B.
        • Del Giudice G.
        • Lattanzi M.
        • et al.
        mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly.
        Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6: 268ra179
        • Paules C.
        • Subbarao K.
        Influenza.
        Lancet. 2017; 390: 697-708
        • Javanian M.
        • Barary M.
        • Ghebrehewet S.
        • et al.
        A brief review of influenza virus infection.
        J Med Virol. 2021; 93: 4638-4646
      1. CDC. 2009 H1N1 Pandemic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 23, 2022)
        • Bartoszko J.
        • Loeb M.
        The burden of influenza in older adults: meeting the challenge.
        Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021; 33: 711-717
      2. Influenza (Seasonal).
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 23, 2022)
      3. CDC. Burden of Influenza. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
        (Available at:) (Published January 7, 2022. Accessed August 20, 2022)
      4. CDC. Flu & People 65 Years and Older. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
        (Available at:) (Published June 23, 2022. Accessed August 20, 2022)
        • Feng L.
        • Zhang T.
        • Wang Q.
        • et al.
        Impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and interventions on influenza in China and the United States.
        Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 3249
        • Pop-Vicas A.
        • Gravenstein S.
        Influenza in the Elderly – A Mini-Review.
        Gerontology. 2011; 57: 397-404
        • Czaja C.A.
        • Miller L.
        • Alden N.
        • et al.
        Age-Related Differences in Hospitalization Rates, Clinical Presentation, and Outcomes Among Older Adults Hospitalized With Influenza-U.S. Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET).
        Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019; 6: ofz225
        • Smith B.J.
        • Price D.J.
        • Johnson D.
        • et al.
        Influenza With and Without Fever: Clinical Predictors and Impact on Outcomes in Patients Requiring Hospitalization.
        Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 7: ofaa268
        • Falsey A.R.
        • Baran A.
        • Walsh E.E.
        Should clinical case definitions of influenza in hospitalized older adults include fever?.
        Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015; 9: 23-29
        • Macias A.E.
        • McElhaney J.E.
        • Chaves S.S.
        • et al.
        The disease burden of influenza beyond respiratory illness.
        Vaccine. 2021; 39: A6-A14
        • FOSTER E.D.
        • CAVANAUGH J.E.
        • HAYNES W.G.
        • et al.
        Acute myocardial infarctions, strokes and influenza: seasonal and pandemic effects.
        Epidemiol Infect. 2013; 141: 735-744
        • Warren-Gash C.
        • Blackburn R.
        • Whitaker H.
        • et al.
        Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland.
        Eur Respir J. 2018; 51: AR
        • Gozalo P.L.
        • Pop-Vicas A.
        • Feng Z.
        • et al.
        The impact of influenza on functional decline.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60: 1260-1267
        • Morris D.E.
        • Cleary D.W.
        • Clarke S.C.
        Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics.
        Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 1041
        • Dhanoa A.
        • Fang N.C.
        • Hassan S.S.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection.
        Virol J. 2011; 8: 501
        • Haq K.
        • McElhaney J.E.
        Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.
        Curr Opin Immunol. 2014; 29: 38-42
      5. CDC. Types of Influenza Viruses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 16, 2022)
        • Kosik I.
        • Yewdell J.W.
        Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin–Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity.
        Viruses. 2019; 11: 346
      6. CDC. Types of Influenza Viruses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 8, 2022)
        • Houser K.
        • Subbarao K.
        Influenza Vaccines: Challenges and Solutions.
        Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 17: 295-300
      7. TABLE. Influenza vaccines — United States, 2021–22 influenza season∗ | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 26, 2022)
        • Falsey A.R.
        • Treanor J.J.
        • Tornieporth N.
        • et al.
        Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Phase 3 Trial Comparing the Immunogenicity of High-Dose and Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Adults 65 Years of Age and Older.
        J Infect Dis. 2009; 200: 172-180
        • Ng T.W.Y.
        • Cowling B.J.
        • Gao H.Z.
        • et al.
        Comparative Immunogenicity of Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
        J Infect Dis. 2019; 219: 1525-1535
        • Wilkinson K.
        • Wei Y.
        • Szwajcer A.
        • et al.
        Efficacy and safety of high-dose influenza vaccine in elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Vaccine. 2017; 35: 2775-2780
        • Gravenstein S.
        • Davidson H.E.
        • Taljaard M.
        • et al.
        Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination on numbers of US nursing home residents admitted to hospital: a cluster-randomised trial.
        Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5: 738-746
        • DiazGranados C.A.
        • Dunning A.J.
        • Kimmel M.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of High-Dose versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults.
        N Engl J Med. 2014; 371: 635-645
        • O’Hagan D.T.
        • Ott G.S.
        • De Gregorio E.
        • et al.
        The mechanism of action of MF59 – An innately attractive adjuvant formulation.
        Vaccine. 2012; 30: 4341-4348
        • Adjuvanted Flu Vaccine | CDC
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 19, 2022)
        • Domnich A.
        • Arata L.
        • Amicizia D.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Vaccine. 2017; 35: 513-520
        • Coleman B.L.
        • Sanderson R.
        • Haag M.D.M.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine among adults 65 years of age or older, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021; 15: 813-823
        • McConeghy K.W.
        • Davidson H.E.
        • Canaday D.H.
        • et al.
        Cluster-randomized trial of adjuvanted vs. non-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine in 823 U.S. nursing homes.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1233
      8. How Influenza (Flu) Vaccines Are Made | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed October 25, 2022)
        • Cox M.M.J.
        • Patriarca P.A.
        • Treanor J.
        FluBlok, a recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine.
        Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2008; 2: 211-219
        • Dunkle L.M.
        • Izikson R.
        • Patriarca P.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of Recombinant Influenza Vaccine in Adults 50 Years of Age or Older.
        N Engl J Med. 2017; 376: 2427-2436
        • Zost S.J.
        • Parkhouse K.
        • Gumina M.E.
        • et al.
        Contemporary H3N2 influenza viruses have a glycosylation site that alters binding of antibodies elicited by egg-adapted vaccine strains.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017; 114: 12578-12583
      9. Recombinant Influenza (Flu) Vaccine | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 26, 2022)
        • Marquart M.E.
        Pathogenicity and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Cutting to the chase on proteases.
        Virulence. 2021; 12: 766-787
      10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2019.

      11. Pneumococcal - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 29, 2022)
        • Henig O.
        • Kaye K.S.
        Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults.
        Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 31: 689-713
        • Gadsby N.J.
        • Russell C.D.
        • McHugh M.P.
        • et al.
        Comprehensive Molecular Testing for Respiratory Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 62: 817-823
      12. Clinical Features of Pneumococcal Disease | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 20, 2022)
        • Serrano Fernández L.
        • Ruiz Iturriaga L.A.
        • España Yandiola P.P.
        • et al.
        Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: differences and similarities.
        Int J Infect Dis. 2022; 115: 39-47
        • Fernández-Sabé N.
        • Carratalà J.
        • Rosón B.
        • et al.
        Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Very Elderly Patients: Causative Organisms, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.
        Medicine (Baltimore). 2003; 82: 159-169
        • Johnson J.C.
        • Jayadevappa R.
        • Baccash P.D.
        • et al.
        Nonspecific Presentation of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Older People: Age Effect or Dementia?.
        J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 1316-1320
        • Paton J.C.
        • Trappetti C.
        Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide.
        Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7: 33
        • Mitchell A.M.
        • Mitchell T.J.
        Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence factors and variation.
        Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010; 16: 411-418
        • Briles D.E.
        • Paton J.C.
        • Mukerji R.
        • et al.
        Pneumococcal Vaccination.
        Microbiol Spectr. 2019; 7: 2
        • Geno K.A.
        • Gilbert G.L.
        • Song J.Y.
        • et al.
        Pneumococcal Capsules and Their Types: Past, Present, and Future.
        Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015; 28: 871-899
        • Berical A.C.
        • Harris D.
        • Dela Cruz C.S.
        • et al.
        Pneumococcal Vaccination Strategies. An Update and Perspective.
        Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016; 13: 933-944
        • Vila-Corcoles A.
        • Ochoa-Gondar O.
        Preventing Pneumococcal Disease in the Elderly.
        Drugs Aging. 2013; 30: 263-276
        • Rappuoli R.
        • De Gregorio E.
        • Costantino P.
        On the mechanisms of conjugate vaccines.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019; 116: 14-16
        • Jackson L.A.
        • Gurtman A.
        • van Cleeff M.
        • et al.
        Immunogenicity and safety of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults.
        Vaccine. 2013; 31: 3577-3584
      13. Research C for BE and. PREVNAR 20. FDA.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 1, 2022)
      14. Food and Drug Administration. Summary basis for regulatory action— PREVNAR20. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/150388/download.

        • Food and Drug Administration.
        Summary basis for regulatory action—VAXNEUVANCE. Silver Spring, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
        Food and Drug Administration. 2021;
      15. Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations | CDC.
        (Available at:) (Accessed August 20, 2022)
        • Tseng H.F.
        • Bruxvoort K.
        • Ackerson B.
        • et al.
        The Epidemiology of Herpes Zoster in Immunocompetent, Unvaccinated Adults ≥50 Years Old: Incidence, Complications, Hospitalization, Mortality, and Recurrence.
        J Infect Dis. 2020; 222: 798-806
        • van Oorschot D.
        • Vroling H.
        • Bunge E.
        • et al.
        A systematic literature review of herpes zoster incidence worldwide.
        Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021; 17: 1714-1732
        • Kawai K.
        • Gebremeskel B.G.
        • Acosta C.J.
        Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective.
        BMJ Open. 2014; 4: e004833
        • Weinberg A.
        • Lazar A.A.
        • Zerbe G.O.
        • et al.
        Influence of Age and Nature of Primary Infection on Varicella-Zoster Virus–Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses.
        J Infect Dis. 2010; 201: 1024-1030
        • John A.R.
        • Canaday D.H.
        Herpes Zoster in the Older Adult.
        Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 31: 811-826
        • Levin M.J.
        • Weinberg A.
        Immune responses to zoster vaccines.
        Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019; 15: 772-777
        • Oxman M.N.
        • Levin M.J.
        • Johnson G.R.
        • et al.
        A Vaccine to Prevent Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia in Older Adults.
        N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 2271-2284
        • Tseng H.F.
        Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Older Adults and the Risk of Subsequent Herpes Zoster Disease.
        JAMA. 2011; 305: 160
        • Morrison V.A.
        • Johnson G.R.
        • Schmader K.E.
        • et al.
        Long-term Persistence of Zoster Vaccine Efficacy.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 60: 900-909
        • Baxter R.
        • Bartlett J.
        • Fireman B.
        • et al.
        Long-Term Effectiveness of the Live Zoster Vaccine in Preventing Shingles: A Cohort Study.
        Am J Epidemiol. 2018; 187: 161-169
        • Cunningham A.L.
        • Lal H.
        • Kovac M.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older.
        N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 1019-1032
        • Lal H.
        • Cunningham A.L.
        • Godeaux O.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of an Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Older Adults.
        N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 2087-2096
        • Dooling K.L.
        • Guo A.
        • Patel M.
        • et al.
        Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Herpes Zoster Vaccines.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018; 67: 103-108
        • Anderson T.C.
        • Masters N.B.
        • Guo A.
        • et al.
        Use of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Immunocompromised Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022; 71: 80-84
        • Grupping K.
        • Campora L.
        • Douha M.
        • et al.
        Immunogenicity and Safety of an Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Older Adults Previously Vaccinated with a Live-Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine: A Phase III, Group-Matched, Clinical Trial.
        Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017; 4: S414
        • Liang J.L.
        • Tiwari T.
        • Moro P.
        • et al.
        Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
        MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018; 67: 1-44
        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
        Tetanus surveillance --- United States, 2001-2008.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011; 60: 365-369
        • Choi J.H.
        • Correia de Sousa J.
        • Fletcher M.
        • et al.
        Improving vaccination rates in older adults and at-risk groups: focus on pertussis.
        Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022; 34: 1-8
        • Skoff T.H.
        • Hadler S.
        • Hariri S.
        The Epidemiology of Nationally Reported Pertussis in the United States, 2000–2016.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 68: 1634-1640
        • Truelove S.A.
        • Keegan L.T.
        • Moss W.J.
        • et al.
        Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71: 89-97
        • Havers F.P.
        • Moro P.L.
        • Hunter P.
        • et al.
        Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2019.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 77-83
        • Nelson N.P.
        • Weng M.K.
        • Hofmeister M.G.
        • et al.
        Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020.
        MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020; 69: 1-38
        • Foster M.A.
        • Hofmeister M.G.
        • Kupronis B.A.
        • et al.
        Increase in Hepatitis A Virus Infections — United States, 2013–2018.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68: 413-415
        • Herzog C.
        • Van Herck K.
        • Van Damme P.
        Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence.
        Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021; 17: 1496-1519
      16. Hepatitis B.
        (Available at:) (Accessed July 29, 2022)
        • Jackson S.
        • Lentino J.
        • Kopp J.
        • et al.
        Immunogenicity of a two-dose investigational hepatitis B vaccine, HBsAg-1018, using a toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant compared with a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in adults.
        Vaccine. 2018; 36: 668-674
        • Vesikari T.
        • Langley J.M.
        • Segall N.
        • et al.
        Immunogenicity and safety of a tri-antigenic versus a mono-antigenic hepatitis B vaccine in adults (PROTECT): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.
        Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 1271-1281
        • Weng M.K.
        • Doshani M.
        • Khan M.A.
        • et al.
        Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19–59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022; 71: 477-483
        • Castelblanco R.L.
        • Lee M.
        • Hasbun R.
        Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the USA from 1997 to 2010: a population-based observational study.
        Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 813-819
        • MacNeil J.R.
        • Blain A.E.
        • Wang X.
        • et al.
        Current Epidemiology and Trends in Meningococcal Disease—United States, 1996–2015.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 66: 1276-1281
        • Mbaeyi S.A.
        • Bozio C.H.
        • Duffy J.
        • et al.
        Meningococcal Vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020.
        MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020; 69: 1-41
        • Briere E.C.
        • Rubin L.
        • Moro P.L.
        • et al.
        Prevention and control of haemophilus influenzae type b disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP).
        MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2014; 63: 1-14